Review
Open access
Oct 2026
Probiotics in type 1 diabetes: immunomodulatory mechanisms and the unresolved question of clinical efficacy
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a common autoimmune disease worldwide, which is associated with imbalanced gut microbiota. Intestinal dysbiosis plays a key role in the pathogenesis of T1D, and it may affect immune tolerance and autoimmune responses of pancreatic islet β-cells. As a potential immunomodulator, probiotics can he...
Simiao Chen, Lu Wang, Shuo-Tong Zhang et al.
· Frontiers in Immunology · 0 citations