Numerical Assessment of Smoke Spread and Evacuation Safety for a Battery Electric Vehicle Fire in a Single-Lane Road Tunnel
This study investigates the smoke spread characteristics and occupant evacuation safety of a 15 MW battery electric vehicle (BEV) fire in a 1.5 km small-bore single-lane road tunnel. Owing to its minimized cross-section (a single 3.0 m lane within a 3.7 m inner diameter), no fire protection or evacuation facilities can...