G×E interaction and yield variability of wheat across multi-environment trials using the AMMI model
Under conditions of climate variability and heterogeneity of agro-ecological environments, assessment of genotype × environment (G×E) interaction constitutes a fundamental basis for the selection of wheat genotypes exhibiting both stable yield performance and strong adaptability across diverse environments. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to evaluate yield variability and G×E interactions among winter wheat genotypes grown across multiple locations in the Republic of Serbia. Multilocational field trials involving 25 wheat varieties were conducted over a single growing season at five locations. Results revealed statistically significant variability in grain yield attributable to genotype, location, and their interaction-with the location effect being the most pronounced. Application of the AMMI (Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction) model enabled identification of genotypes combining high yield potential with satisfactory stability. Visualization of results via a genotype-environment biplot facilitated interpretation of response patterns, thereby clarifying the nature and magnitude of genotype-specific adaptability across the tested environments. The highest mean yields were recorded for the newly released varieties NS Supernova (8.08 t ha-¹), NS Eudora (8.07 t ha-¹), and NS Rajna (7.80 t ha-¹); all three demonstrated robust adaptability and consistently high yields across multiple locations. In contrast, varieties such as NS Igra, NS Lavica, and NS Kimera yielded values close to the overall site-mean across most locations, indicating relatively uniform responsiveness and broad adaptability under variable agro-ecological conditions. Novi Sad and Pančevo emerged as locations with comparatively favorable agro-ecological conditions, where even varieties possessing only moderate yield potential achieved high absolute yields. Based on these findings, a set of promising genotypes was identified, characterized by a favorable combination of high and stable yield, and recommended for advancement into subsequent breeding stages and multi-year, multi-environment testing.