Codon-dependent translation of N1-ethylpseudouridine-modified mRNA reduces innate immunity while preserving vaccine immunogenicity
Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are a versatile platform for rapid vaccine development; however, nucleoside modifications must be optimized to balance translational efficiency and innate immune activation. Here, we evaluated N1-ethylpseudouridine (Et1Ψ) as an alternative to the widely used N1-methylpseudouridine (m1Ψ). E...