Assessing Global, Regional, and National Burden of Depressive Disorder Attributable to Childhood Sexual Abuse and Bullying Victimization From 1990 to 2021: A Study on Individuals Aged 10-24 Years.
AIMS/BACKGROUND This study aims to assess the burden of depressive disorder attributable to childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and bullying victimization (BV) among individuals aged 10-24 years from 1990 to 2021. METHODS Using the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for depressive disorder attributable to CSA or BV among the 10-24-year-old individuals from 1990 to 2021 were extracted. The 2021 global burden and trends in these disorders were assessed using the average annual percentage change (AAPC). Disease burden was further verified using cross-national inequalities and panel data models. RESULTS High socio-demographic index (SDI) regions experienced the most significant burden of depressive disorder attributable to CSA and BV among 10-24-year-old individuals in 2021. Females had a higher CSA-related depressive disorder burden, while males had a greater BV-related depressive disorder burden. From a global perspective, the age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDR) for CSA-related depressive disorder remained stable from 1990 to 2021, though high SDI regions are increasing annually. Conversely, BV-associated ASDR increased globally, with high and low-middle SDI regions showing rates above the global average and rapid growth in high-SDI areas. Panel analysis showed inverse correlations between the DALY rate for depressive disorder and compulsory education duration, domestic general government health expenditure, and physician density, but a positive correlation with current health expenditure per capita (purchasing power parity [PPP]). Furthermore, BV-attributable depressive disorder DALYs correlated negatively with current health expenditure (% of gross domestic product [GDP]), while CSA-attributable depressive disorder DALYs correlated positively with hospital beds. CONCLUSION The global burden of depressive disorder attributable to CSA among 10-24-year-old individuals remained stable, while the burden attributable to BV increased, and both showed significant disparities by gender and region. Globally, the heavier burden of depressive disorder in females was linked to CSA, and in males to BV. Geographically, the burden from both factors increased in high-SDI regions. Given substantial variations by gender, SDI, and geography, interventions should be tailored to national development levels and cultural contexts.