Author

Jingming Xue

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#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

Counting on Thinking: Tracing Evidence Integration in Language Models

Finite computational resources force a tradeoff between automatic System 1 processes and costly System 2 thinking. Large language models (LLMs) can spend extra computation on hard problems, yet direct answers struggle even with counting, an elementary operation humans and animals perform automatically. We ask why this...

Jing-Ming Xue, Robert C. Wilson, Hua-Dong Xiong · 0 citations

Jul 2026

Thinking Under Uncertainty: Evidence Use and Information-Seeking in Language Models

In this controlled decision setting, thinking improved how models acted on current evidence, while neither measured signature supported a shift toward a more information-seeking policy.

Hua-Dong Xiong, Xinyuan Yan, Ji-An Li et al. · arXiv.org · 0 citations