Perinatal insults, genetic susceptibility, and the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders: from epigenetic remodeling to neural circuit dysfunction—a narrative review
Background and Objective Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs)—including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy, and schizophrenia—affect approximately 10–15% of children worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that NDDs arise from complex int...