MCT4 drives HCC progression by activating MMPs and polarizing M2 macrophages
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with a poor survival rate despite advances in therapy. Metabolic reprogramming, particularly involving lactate transport, plays a critical role in HCC progression. Monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) is a key lactate exporter often overexpressed in cancers, yet its precise role in HCC pathogenesis and immune modulation remains incompletely defined. Methods We integrated bioinformatic analyses of multiple datasets (TCGA-LIHC, GSE46408, GSE36411) with experimental validation in HCC cell lines (Huh7, MHCC97-H) and a murine xenograft model. Functional assays including wound healing, Transwell invasion, Western blot, and flow cytometry were employed. Immune cell infiltration and polarization were analyzed via CIBERSORT and single-cell RNA sequencing data (GSE282701). Results MCT4 was identified as a prognostic hub gene among lactate metabolism-related genes (LMRGs) and was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues, correlating with advanced tumor stage and poor survival. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed a strong association between MCT4 expression and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) pathways. In vitro, MCT4 knockdown downregulated MMP1, MMP2, and MMP9 expression and suppressed HCC cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, high MCT4 expression was linked to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment characterized by M2 macrophage polarization. In vivo, MCT4 knockdown inhibited tumor growth and reduced infiltration of CD206+ M2 macrophages. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that MCT4 drives HCC progression through two complementary mechanisms: enhancing MMP-mediated invasion and metastasis, and promoting immunosuppressive M2 macrophage polarization. These results nominate MCT4 as a promising therapeutic target for restoring antitumor immunity and inhibiting metastasis in HCC.