CaCl2-Enhanced Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels with Stable Freeze Resistance and Sensing Durability Performance.
Hydrogels are attractive for flexible electronics and wearable sensors, yet their performance is severely limited at subzero temperatures due to ice crystallization, dehydration, and mechanical embrittlement. Here, we report a CaCl2-enhanced double-network (DN) hydrogel (BNP-x) that integrates excellent anti-freezing,...