Jian-Hui Fan

A Physically Interpretable Spatial PDE Framework for El Niño Supports a Near-Critical Response-Mode Interpretation

The recharge oscillator (RO) captures the core ENSO feedback loop in two physically transparent equations but collapses the basin into lumped variables, whereas coupled models of intermediate and higher complexity resolve spatial structure at the cost of less direct operator-level attribution. Here we recast the RO a...