Biofabrication of osteochondral composite scaffolds: advances in multi-material bioprinting, functional microenvironment engineering and orthopedic translation.
Osteochondral defects are challenging to repair due to the complex structure of the osteochondral unit. Current clinical methods often fail to achieve long-term cartilage-bone integration. Recent advances in multi-material bioprinting enable the construction of biomimetic scaffolds with graded architectures and region-...