Open access
Sep 2026
A Nash Bi-Level Optimization Framework for Competing Cleaner Closed-Loop Supply Chains in the Power Battery Industry
Background: Power battery closed-loop supply chains face simultaneous competition for scarce materials, subsidies, market demand, and recyclable batteries, while strategic decisions remain coupled with production, recovery, transport, inventory, and carbon-control operations. Methods: We develop a Nash-type bi-level fr...
Jia-Rui Zhao, Xiao-Ning Wang, Zhi-Meng Li et al.
· Logistics · 0 citations