Enhanced Efficiency in Dual-Stage Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems with PSO-Integrated Hybrid MPPT Techniques
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is essential for maximizing photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion under variable irradiance and temperature. Conventional perturb and observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (INC) algorithms are simple to implement but may exhibit slow convergence, steady-state oscillations, and redu...