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Javier Plaza Alonso

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#large language models Open access Sep 2026

From U(1) to U(5): A Bottom-Up Reconstruction of Gauge Unification

We present a unified bottom-up construction of gauge symmetries from U(1) to U(5), demonstrating that each group U(n) ≅ [U(1) × SU(n)]/Z_n generates an additional gauge boson whose physical identity is fixed by anomaly cancellation alone. Starting from U(3), the extra U(1) is uniquely identified as B−L with quark charg...

Javier Plaza Alonso · 0 citations

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