Risk-Aware Integration of Photovoltaics and Battery Storage into Human–Cobot Manufacturing: A Digital-Twin-Ready Co-Optimization Model for Sustainable Industrial Transition
The increasing penetration of variable renewable energy requires industrial facilities to manage energy supply, production flexibility, and cost exposure simultaneously. This study develops a risk-aware model for the co-optimization of human–cobot production scheduling, on-site photovoltaic generation, and battery ener...