Open access
Sep 2026
Toxicity Assessment of Ketamine, Metaphedrone and Methylenedioxypyrovalerone to the Red Earthworm (Eisenia fetida)
Background: The consumption of psychoactive substances (PASs), including ketamine (KET), metaphedrone (3-MMC) and methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), has increased globally. Their presence in sewage sludge, biosolids and other soil amendments raises concerns about potential impacts on soil organisms and ecosystem functi...
Ondina Ribeiro, Cláudia Ribeiro, T. Natal-da-Luz et al.
· Applied Sciences · 0 citations