Pentavalent Recombinant Vaccine Using Escherichia coli Bacterins Against Major Clostridium Toxins in Ruminants.
Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium botulinum are anaerobic spore-forming bacteria that produce potent toxins and are major causative agents of severe toxicoinfections in ruminants. Although vaccination remains the primary preventive strategy, current commercial vaccines are based on crude toxoid preparations, whic...