Tungsten Oxide-contained PEO Coatings on Ti–6Al‑4 V Alloys: Enhanced Surface Characteristics and Bioactivity for Bio-implant
This study presents a novel approach to enhance the multifunctionality of Ti–6Al-4 V alloys for bio-implant surfaces by integrating tungsten oxide (WO3) nanoparticles with hydroxyapatite (HA) through dual-stage processing: direct incorporation during plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) at 280 V for 180 s, followed by h...