Estimation of Endothelin Levels in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension: A Clinical Insight.
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major global health issue, with pulmonary hypertension (PH) as a severe complication linked to increased morbidity and mortality. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a vasoconstrictor peptide and a potential biomarker for PH in COPD due to its role in vascular remodeling...