Open access
Aug 2026
Beyond Spirometry: Dyspnea, Functional Limitation, and Psychological Distress Across GOLD Stages in COPD—A Multicenter Observational Study
GOLD 3 COPD was associated with substantial dyspnea, functional limitation, and measurable psychological distress, however, depression and anxiety patterns varied by instrument, suggesting that psychological burden in COPD is multidimensional and not explained by spirometric severity alone.
Adina Deliu, Luana Alexandrescu, Bogdan Cimpineanu et al.
· Medicina · 0 citations