Ioannis Gialamas

Heart in Distress: How Different Shock States Converge on Cardiac Dysfunction

Shock is traditionally classified according to its primary etiology—septic, hypovolemic, obstructive, or cardiogenic—yet these syndromes frequently converge on a common feature: disturbances of cardiac performance, ventricular loading, and tissue perfusion. Despite distinct initiating mechanisms, altered preload and af...