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Iliya Ezekiel

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Review Open access Sep 2026

4D Bioprinting with Smart Biomedical Materials: Current Challenges and Future Directions

4D bioprinting represents a paradigm shift in biomedical engineering, advancing beyond traditional 3D bioprinting by incorporating the dimension of time to create dynamic, stimuli responsive constructs. This review explores the role of smart biomedical materials—such as shape-memory polymers, hydrogels, nanocomposite...

Iliya Ezekiel · 0 citations

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