Ikram Ullah

Construction of statistically optimal dynamic S-boxes for secure image encryption

Introducing innovative ways to generate dynamic substitution boxes (S-boxes) is essential in achieving the desired diffusion and confusion. One kind of algebraic S-box generators attain these two properties either by fixed degree irreducible polynomials or by an algebraic map, which limits the randomness and security in the resultant output. The other type use total orders to avoid these limitations, making the time complexity nonlinear. In this study, we present an S-box generator that integrates dynamic polynomial with its induced map to generate highly secure and dynamic outputs, and keep the time complexity flexible. The current scheme incorporates a polynomial as an injective mapping to increase its algebraic strength. We present two highly nonlinear S-boxes by the proposed method. To validate the effectiveness of our scheme, we conduct comprehensive comparative analyses regarding construction mechanism and standard cryptographic metrics, confirming the robustness of the proposed method. Statistical analyses are also performed to assess key sensitivity, correlation, fixed points, time and space complexity, ensuring that the scheme meets practical security requirements. Furthermore, we propose an image encryption by employing the generated S-boxes, and the rigorous analysis confirms their applicability in secure multimedia transmissions.

Engineering cold stress resilience in capsicum annuum through functional genomics and precision breeding

Social anxiety An Emerging Public Health Issue: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study Among the Undergraduate University Students

Objective:. The study aims to find out the social anxiety/social phobia and its determinants among undergraduate university students. Methods: From Jan. 1 to July 30, 20224, a cross-sectional survey based on institutions was carried out at several universities in Peshawar, Pakistan. Total of 200 individuals following the inclusion and exclusion criteria using a convenient sampling technique, and we separately gathered data from each participant using a demographic Performa and the Leibowitz Social Anxiety Scale. To figure out the correlation between social anxiety and variables influencing the amount of social anxiety, chi-square analysis was used. Results: There were total of 200 participants who completed the questionnaire with a response rate of 100% having 34% of male participants and 66% of female participants. The mean age of the participants was 21.35. The prevalence of SAD 2.26% ±1.125). A positive association was found between age, gender, semester wise qualification and marital status with social anxiety disorders. Conclusion: Based on the study, SAD is quite common among university students. A strategy about social anxiety disorder among students and the elements causing it has to be developed by the appropriate authorities and university official.