Ontology-driven billing engine for multi-dimensional electricity market settlement
The transition toward new power systems with high penetration of renewable generation and distributed energy resources introduces unprecedented settlement complexity, characterized by multi-domain coupling across transmission, distribution, and retail; multi-entity coordination involving virtual power plants and storage aggregators; multi-variety product superposition spanning energy, ancillary services, and green certificates; and multi-scale temporal nesting from real-time to annual settlement. Traditional hard-coded billing architectures exhibit fundamental limitations in semantic consistency and rule extensibility under such operational paradigms. This paper presents an ontology-driven billing engine architecture to address these challenges. A formalized seven-domain ontology model encompassing Entity–Resource–Contract– Measurement–Price–Bill–Rule is established, achieving semantic standardization and logical decoupling of settlement elements. A three-layer logic flow orchestration mechanism (Object–Logic–Operation) supports visual assembly and dynamic loading of business logic. Furthermore, a meta-model-driven dynamic execution engine with a vectorized compute kernel and a business-semantic-level full-link observer is developed, forming a closed loop from design mode to runtime mode. Engineering validation in a provincial-level electricity marketing system demonstrates multiple increase in settlement throughput and a 93.3% reduction in full-process latency, confirming the efficacy of the ontological approach for large-scale new power system market operations.