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Hao-Tian Chen

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Belief-Trajectory Energy: Measuring the Path to a Prediction

Large language models (LLMs) progressively revise their predictions across Transformer layers, yet we typically observe only the final output, discarding the trajectory through which it is formed. We introduce Belief-Trajectory Energy(BTE), a model-grounded measure that characterizes an input through the layerwise pred...

Jia-Hao Ying, Wei Tang, Bo Ai et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Inducing Process Supervision from Outcome-Only Reinforcement Learning

TIPS (Thinking-Induced Process Supervision), an outcome-only reinforcement learning (RL) framework for training generative PRMs, is introduced and validated, demonstrating the effectiveness of TIPS across math and agent benchmarks and four backbone families.

Sheng-Da Fan, Xin Cong, Zhong Zhang et al. · 0 citations

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