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Sponsored Design Multi-Agent AI Systems Using MCP and A2A: Engineer your own Pyt Design Multi-Agent AI Systems Using MCP and A2A: Engineer your own Pyt

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H. Abugu

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Open access Aug 2026

Advanced freeze–thaw production of fungal chitosan and its Ag–Cu nanocomposite: enhanced antimicrobial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation

Antimicrobial resistance continues to undermine the effectiveness of conventional treatments and so, in this study, fungal chitosan was produced from Pleurotus ostreatus through chitin extraction followed by freeze–thaw-assisted deacetylation and subsequent stabilization and capping of Ag–Cu nanoparticles. The as-synthesized nanocomposites were characterized and evaluated for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), elemental mapping, and zeta potential analysis confirmed successful formation of the fungal chitosan and Ag–Cu nanocomposite. Average crystallite sizes of 9.49, 30.60, 22.25, and 23.74 nm were obtained for the reference chitosan (RCS), synthesized chitosan (OCS), chitosan–Ag–Cu (OCS3) composite, and Ag–Cu (NCS2) nanoparticles respectively. Microscopic and elemental analyses revealed a compact fibrillar and heterogeneous porous morphology together with homogeneous elemental distribution in the composite, confirming successful incorporation of Ag and Cu throughout the chitosan matrix indicating effective stabilization of the metallic phase. All the formulations exhibited positive zeta potential values, suggesting favorable colloidal stability. Biological evaluation demonstrated showed that OCS3 exhibited strong activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Enterococcus faecium NJ-1, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Candida albicans ATCC 90028, outperforming fungal chitosan alone. The L929 fibroblasts and MCF-7 breast cancer cells cell-culture studies further revealed pronounced differences in selectivity and cytotoxicity of the formulations. NCS2 gave the most balanced combination of antiproliferative activity and biological discrimination, unlike the OCS which showed the most favorable selectivity profile and OCS3 displayed the highest cytotoxic potency but limited selectivity toward cancer cells. The observation therefore demonstrate that in addition to being an effective platform for functionalization and stabilization of biopolymer and Ag–Cu composite, freeze–thaw-derived fungal chitosan is a sustainable alternative to conventional chitosan sources.

H. Abugu, Eray Tatlıcı, Ayfer Kılıç et al. · 0 citations
Aug 2026

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) Pollution Status of Soil, Water, and Edible Vegetables Within Cashew Nut Processing Clusters in Enugu, Nigeria

This study evaluated the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, water, and edible plants within cashew nut processing clusters in Enugu, Nigeria. Following liquid–liquid and solid–liquid extractions, the concentration of sixteen PAHs congeners were determined using gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC‐FID). To predict the potential sources of these PAHs, a diagnostic ratio guide was employed and principal component analysis was performed. Mutagenic equivalent concentration, human health risk assessment, and ecological risk assessment were performed. The identified PAHs had concentration range: 786.31–2589.46 µg/kg in soil, 33.78–5476.37 µg/L in water, and 561.47–3047.84 µg/kg in vegetables. Except for one location, the vegetables had higher levels of low molecular weight PAHs, while high molecular weight PAHs were more prevalent in the water. The results showed that the studied location has a fair amount of PAH pollution, mostly from pyrogenic sources though the source apportionment models predicted multi‐sources. The ecological risk assessment indicated acenaphthene to be the most contributing contaminant while the health risk evaluations indicated that consumers of water and vegetables from this area may have risk for non‐carcinogenic health problems. There were substantial mutagenic equivalent quantities, and BaP metabolites were probably responsible. The study reveals that inefficient burning of biomass and fossil fuels has resulted in significant levels of PAH contamination in the surrounding cashew nut processing clusters, and these activities should be controlled.

Edidiong S. Akwaowo, H. Abugu, J. Ihedioha · 0 citations

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