The Gao-Zhuang conjecture for the Heisenberg group over $\mathbb{F}_p$
Let $G$ be a finite nonabelian group. The small Davenport constant $\mathsf d(G)$ of $G$ is the largest integer $\ell$ such that there exists a product-one free sequence over $G$ of length $\ell$, while the Gao constant $E(G)$ of $G$ is the least integer $\ell$ such that every sequence over $G$ of length at least $\ell$ contains a product-one subsequence of length exactly $|G|$. A long-standing conjecture of Gao and Zhuang \cite{ZG2005} asserts that $E(G)=\mathsf d(G)+|G|$ for every finite nonabelian group $G$. Let $p$ be an odd prime and let $H_{p^3}=\operatorname{UT}_3(\mathbb F_p)$ be the finite Heisenberg group over $\mathbb F_p$. Godara and Sarkar proved the Gao-Zhuang equality for $H_{27}=\operatorname{UT}_3(\mathbb F_3)$ and asked whether the same equality holds for $H_{p^3}$ for every odd prime $p$. Recently, Volkmann proved that $\mathsf d(H_{p^3})=3p-3$. In this paper, we determine the Gao constant of $H_{p^3}$ and prove that $E(H_{p^3})=\mathsf d(H_{p^3})+|H_{p^3}|=p^3+3p-3$. Together with the known abelian and cyclic-index cases, this completes the verification of the Gao-Zhuang equality for all groups of order $p^3$, for every prime $p$.