Integrated Pest Management of Fruit Mites in Apple Orchards: Biological and Chemical Control, Resistance Management, and Regional Perspectives from Southeastern Kazakhstan
Simple Summary Fruit mites are among the most damaging pests of apple orchards because they reduce leaf function, fruit quality, and crop yield. Farmers have traditionally relied on chemical pesticides to control these pests, but repeated use has led to pesticide resistance, environmental concerns, and negative effects on beneficial organisms. This review explains how sustainable management can be achieved by combining biological, chemical, and cultural control methods within Integrated Pest Management, an approach that reduces pesticide use while maintaining effective pest control. Particular attention is given to natural enemies, resistance management, and environmentally friendly practices that improve long-term orchard health. The review also highlights current challenges and research needs in Southeastern Kazakhstan, one of the major apple-growing regions and the center of origin of the wild apple (Malus sieversii). In addition, new technologies such as digital monitoring and precision agriculture are discussed as promising tools for future pest management. This review provides practical information that may help researchers, agricultural specialists, and apple growers develop more sustainable and environmentally responsible strategies for managing fruit mites.