Open access
Sep 2026
Characterizing ionospheric perturbations with refined gradient ionosphere indices
Precision and safety-critical Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applications require high-fidelity monitoring of space weather conditions, particularly ionospheric disturbances. These systems are highly sensitive to sharp spatial gradients and rapid Total Electron Content (TEC) variations. To support both opera...
N. Jakowski, M. M. Hoque, J. A. Cahuasquí et al.
· GPS Solutions · 0 citations