Preprint
Sep 2026
Verification Complexity and Extension of Classical Shadows
This work shows CSV is efficiently solvable for permutation-invariant shadows, QMA-hard for real, fermionic, and bosonic shadows, and both coNP-hard and QMA-hard when the observable family consists of all $n-qubit Pauli strings.
Georgios Karaiskos, Asad Raza, D. Rudolph et al.
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