Gang Huang

Foundation models in Earth system science: advances, challenges, and future paths

The convergence of massive Earth observation datasets and emerging foundation models offers an opportunity to address the complex challenges in Earth System Science (ESS). However, the direct application of foundation models to ESS is often hindered by domain gaps, characterized by the need for physical consistency, th...

KiloDA: Reconstructing kilometer-scale near-surface wind states from sparse station observations

Accurate kilometer-scale near-surface winds are important for understanding atmospheric processes over complex terrain, yet remain difficult to reconstruct from sparse and unevenly distributed observations. Here we introduce KiloDA, a diffusion framework for hourly kilometer-scale wind reconstruction from surface stati...

The Importance of Subsurface Thermal Effects to Indian Ocean Dipole Prediction Revealed by a Skillful Three-Dimensional Deep Learning Model