Observer-Based Output-Feedback Synchronization of Fractional-Order Fuzzy Clifford-Valued Neural Networks: A Cascade Certificate and the Quantified Price of Output Feedback
Synchronization certificates for fractional-order neural networks often assume the full multivector state is measured. In practice only a partial output is available—the full multivector states of a subset of neurons—and the controller must run on an estimate. We give an output-feedback theory for leader-following sync...