The steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP): A review of applications in cognitive and clinical neuroscience and neural engineering
The steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP), the brain's oscillatory response to repetitive visual stimulation (RVS), has emerged as a powerful tool in neuroscience with wide-ranging applications in multiple disciplines. This review provides a scoping, narrative roadmap of SSVEP applications organized into three primary domains: fundamental research in vision and cognition, clinical neuroscience, and neural engineering. Although these fields differ in focus, they often converge in their use of similar research questions, stimulation paradigms, analysis techniques, and application scenarios. At the same time, specialization may have created knowledge silos that limit cross-disciplinary transfer of methods and insights. By bridging findings from seemingly disparate domains, this review highlights the versatility of SSVEPs in investigating neural mechanisms, supporting diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric conditions, and advancing brain-computer interface technology. We conclude with cross-field insights on how stimulus and analysis choices affect interpretation and usability, and we outline directions for improving the comparability and transferability of SSVEP research and applications.