Review
Open access
Sep 2026
The role of voluntary health insurance in frailty onset and progression among older and aging European adults: a survival analysis, 2013–2022
VHI was associated with lower frailty progression and reduced risk of frailty onset, and being an out-of-pocket expense, it also might increase inequalities by weakening the Public Health System if not fully integrated into a wider strategy.
Michele Sorrentino, Y. Uejima, G. Affinito et al.
· Frontiers in Public Health · 0 citations