Hydrogel-Based Therapies for Periodontal Wound Healing
Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent conditions characterized by chronic inflammation, which leads to progressive destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. Conventional therapies, including scaling and root planing, grafting, and surgical procedures, are effective in controlling infection but show limited regenerative capacity. In this context, hydrogels—three-dimensional, highly hydrated polymeric biomaterials that mimic the extracellular matrix—have emerged as promising tools in periodontal regeneration. These materials can be engineered to modulate mechanical properties, porosity, and the delivery of bioactive molecules. Hydrogels can function as barrier membranes for guided tissue regeneration, scaffolds for stem cell support, and carriers for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenic agents, enabling sustained and localized drug release. Recent studies have demonstrated their potential to inhibit bacterial biofilms, enhance osteogenic differentiation, and reduce inflammation in preclinical models. However, challenges remain regarding mechanical stability in the oral environment, controlled and sequential release of therapeutic agents, biocompatibility, and cost-effectiveness. Overall, hydrogels represent a promising adjunct in regenerative periodontal therapy, although further research is required to support their translation into routine clinical practice.