Scalable Low-Cost Laboratory Automation: A Digital Twin-Integrated Robotic Platform for Autonomous Liquid Handling (RAINBOT)
Laboratory automation accelerates discovery, yet its adoption is constrained by the high cost, proprietary design, and limited remote supervisability of commercial liquid-handling systems. This work presents RAINBOT\textsuperscript{TM}, a low-cost, openly reproducible liquid-handling robot built by converting a consume...