The Gut-Lung Axis in Respiratory Diseases: Mechanisms, Microbiome Dysbiosis, and Therapeutic Implications. A Comprehensive Review.
It is concluded that the gut-lung axis represents a central, bidirectional framework for understanding respiratory disease pathogenesis, and that future progress will depend on longitudinal, multi-omics, and microbiome-stratified interventional studies to enable precision, microbiome-informed respiratory therapeutics.