Explicit Method for the Simulation of the Out-of-Plane Collapse of Unreinforced Masonry Walls: Influence of Hourglass Control, Damping, and Element Formulation
Nonlinear dynamic FEM analyses of unreinforced masonry (URM) must address convergence difficulties in implicit solutions, conditional stability in explicit solutions, and numerical artifacts related to element integration. This study compares implicit and explicit time-integration procedures using a homogenised three-d...