Preparation of oxygen-filled adipose-derived stem cells exosome-nanobubbles gel for ultrasound-assisted full-thickness wound healing in rats.
In a rat full-thickness skin defect model, the combined Gel-Exo-NB and Gel-Exo-NB + US treatments achieved the highest wound-closure rate among all groups, with enhanced re-epithelialization, a reduced scar index, elevated CD31 and α-SMA expression, increased fibroblast proliferation, and increased blood vessel formati...