Abstract. Hybrid airborne imaging systems integrating oblique photogrammetric cameras and LiDAR sensors provide complementary geometric and radiometric information for high-fidelity 3D reconstruction. While LiDAR offers stable global geometric accuracy, photogrammetric reconstructions provide dense surface detail and rich fac¸ade information through oblique imaging. However, photogrammetric models often exhibit locally varying geometric drift caused by error accumulation during bundle adjustment, preventing pixel-accurate alignment between images and LiDAR data. Conventional global registration approaches are insufficient to correct such spatially varying misalignments. In this paper, we propose a view-dependent fusion framework for pixel-accurate registration between photogrammetric images and LiDAR data. The global alignment problem is decomposed into localized rigid registrations performed independently for each image. For each view, a local photogrammetric point cloud reconstructed from depth maps is rigidly aligned to a corresponding LiDAR subset using fixed-scale point-to-plane ICP. The estimated transformation is used to project LiDAR points into the image domain, where depth-consistency checks enforce visibility constraints and remove inconsistent measurements. Valid LiDAR points are colorized and fused with the photogrammetric reconstruction to generate anchored view-dependent point clouds. Finally, all view-dependent reconstructions are aggregated using voxel-grid fusion with medianbased point selection. Experiments on airborne oblique imaging datasets demonstrate improved reconstruction completeness and pixel-level consistency between images and LiDAR geometry. The proposed framework provides a practical and robust solution for high-accuracy multi-modal 3D reconstruction in complex urban environments.
Deyan Deng, Rongjun Qin, E. M. Farella et al.· The International Archives o...· 0 citations
Abstract. The 3D reconstruction of cultural heritage artefacts plays a crucial role in documentation, conservation and dissemination. While recent advances in photogrammetry, laser scanning and neural rendering techniques have significantly improved the geometric accuracy and visual realism of digitised assets, the reconstruction of transparent and reflective materials - typical in museal collections - remains a major challenge. Materials such as glass, glazes and varnishes exhibit complex optical behaviours, leading to incomplete or inaccurate 3D models. Recent developments in Gaussian Splatting (GS) offer a potential alternative by enabling efficient, high-fidelity scene representation without explicit surface modelling. However, their application to non-Lambertian and transparent heritage objects remains largely unexplored. This paper presents a study on GS methods for the 3D digitisation of transparent cultural heritage artefacts. Through a series of experimental reconstructions, the work investigates the potential and limitations of GS, highlight the opportunities of hybrid pipelines for addressing long-standing challenges in the digitisation of non-collaborative materials.
Marco Medici, Andrea Sterpin, Stefano Settimo et al.· The International Archives o...· 0 citations
Abstract. This paper introduces the 3D-4CH project and its open framework, i.e. a sustainable ecosystem of tools designed to overcome the fragmentation and limited maintainability of previous EU-funded 3D heritage initiatives. Aligned with the European Collaborative Cloud for Cultural Heritage (ECCCH), the framework integrates an end-to-end pipeline for 3D data generation and processing, semantic enrichment and long-term dissemination, including metadata and paradata inclusion. The 3D-4CH initiative bridges the gap between ICT research and operational heritage practices, ensuring the scalability and reproducibility of 3D digital assets for crossinstitutional data sharing and preservation. All software components, including GitHub repositories and online processing frameworks, are openly available, in accordance with open science principles and FAIR data practices. Further information is available at https://www.3d4ch-competencecentre.eu/en/tools/.
F. Arnaoutoglou, P. Bonsma, E. M. Farella et al.· The International Archives o...· 0 citations
This work proposes a hybrid reconstruction pipeline, leveraging the strengths and benefits of each technique, which exploits the accurate geometry of photogrammetry in well-textured regions and the GS capabilities to improve completeness and visual aspect in areas featuring non-collaborative surfaces.
Fabio Remondino, E. M. Farella, Gianluca Bertolasi et al.· The International Archives o...· 0 citations
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