Frontiers in Citrus Science: Biotechnological Advances and Metabolomic Innovations
Citrus species are notable for their broad spectrum of bioactive phytochemicals that play an important role in human health and nutrition. Citrus improvement through conventional breeding remains severely constrained by biological bottlenecks, including long juvenile phases, high heterozygosity, nucellar polyembryony, and complex reproductive behavior, which collectively slow the development of superior cultivars. In recent years, advances in plant biotechnology have provided alternative strategies to overcome these limitations. This review synthesizes current progress in citrus improvement by integrating tissue culture, genetic transformation, genome editing, and metabolomics approaches. Particular emphasis is placed on how these tools enhance trait introgression, disease resistance, and fruit quality while accelerating breeding cycles. Additionally, the role of metabolomics in elucidating biochemical pathways and supporting precision breeding is highlighted. By combining conventional knowledge with emerging technologies, this review provides a comprehensive framework for modern citrus improvement. Future efforts should focus on integrating multiomics approaches with high-throughput phenotyping and genome editing to enable more efficient, targeted, and sustainable citrus breeding programs.