PentestChain: A Cost-Aware, MCP-Orchestrated Framework for Automated Penetration Testing with Free-Tier LLMs
PentestChain is presented, a ten-phase automated penetration testing framework that couples a curated, deterministic exploit map with a cost-aware AI cascade-a local Ollama model, kept off the critical path by a deterministic backbone, sustains end-to-end operation at zero measured paid-API cost.
R. Patel, Dipo Dunsin, M. Almaiah et al.
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