Acellular mesenchymal stem cell–derived exosomes and secretome for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies
Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors provide symptomatic relief for erectile dysfunction (ED), but patients with neurogenic injury or long-standing diabetes may remain partial or nonresponders. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs)/exosomes and secretome/conditioned medium (CM) represent potent...