Prognostic significance of cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameters for predicting all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure: a cohort study.
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) remains a significant challenge in global healthcare, contributing to frequent hospitalizations and elevated mortality rates. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides a non-invasive method of assessing how the cardiovascular, respiratory, and musculoskeletal systems function. OBJ...