Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 remains one of the predominant seasonal influenza viruses worldwide and continues to evolve under the combined effects of host immunity, vaccination, and changing epidemiological conditions. However, the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its evolutionary dynamics remains poorly understood. We investigated the genetic variability and phylodynamic evolution of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of Italian A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses collected between 2009 and 2026. Time-calibrated phylodynamic analyses, Bayesian Skyline Plots (BSPs), Lineages Through Time (LTT) graphs, principal component analysis (PCA), and codon-based selection analyses were used to characterize long-term evolutionary patterns. Both HA and NA followed continuous evolutionary trajectories, with a marked post-2020 genetic shift associated with the emergence of 6B.1A.5a.2-related clades. HA showed greater evolutionary variability than NA, whereas selection analyses identified only one positively selected site in HA and none in NA, consistent with reduced adaptive diversification in recent strains. Phylodynamic analyses revealed a marked decline in effective population size and lineage accumulation during the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by renewed expansion after 2022. Overall, Italian A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses exhibited reduced genetic diversity, limited evidence of positive selection, and coordinated genomic restructuring following the pandemic. These findings provide new insights into the long-term evolutionary dynamics of A(H1N1)pdm09 in Italy and reinforce the importance of sustained genomic surveillance for anticipating evolutionary changes and informing evidence-based public health strategies.
Maria Perra, Ilaria Deplano, I. Azzena et al.· Pathogens· 0 citations
Environmental exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) rises concerns about male reproductive health. Despite a wide body of experimental evidence supporting the biological role of PFAS exposure in male reproductive effects, available epidemiological studies are variably consistent about this association. Four databases were searched up to July 13, 2025 (PROSPERO: CRD420251267798). The systematic review follows Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were included that assessed the association of PFAS on sperm outcomes. The primary effect measure was the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). Outcomes included sperm concentration, semen volume, total sperm count, motility, morphology, pH, and sperm DNA fragmentation, Fourteen studies including 7465 participants were included in this review. The results of meta-analyses indicate heterogeneous patterns of association, with PFAS mixtures showing limited associations with conventional semen parameters but demonstrating consistent inverse relationships with progressive motility (correlation scale [r] = -0.058, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.100 to -0.015) and sperm deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integrity (r = 0.141, 95% CI: 0.087-0.195). Individual congeners exhibited distinct association profiles, suggesting potential congener-specific effects on male reproductive function. The consistent association between increased DNA fragmentation across PFAS metrics suggest a possible role in unexplained male infertility and prompts further investigation.
A. Di Nisio, J. López-Gil, D. Pizzol et al.· Journal of Hazardous Materia...· 0 citations
Emotional eating was selectively associated with specific sleep-related problems, particularly bedtime difficulties and snoring, in a large sample of Spanish adolescents, with anger and anxiety showing the strongest associations.
Andrea Aquino-Blanco, M. López-Moreno, Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda et al.· European Journal of Pediatri...· 0 citations
Cervical cancer burden attributable to unsafe sex showed the highest DALY rate among females aged 50-69 years and the highest mortality rate among those aged 70 years or older, and overall, cervical cancer burden exhibited an inverse association with SDI.
Seohyun Shin, Dongjin Yeo, Hyunjee Kim et al.· European Journal of Obstetri...· 0 citations
We use cookies to run the site and, with your consent, for analytics and to show ads.
See our Cookie Policy.
