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D. Leeftink

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#machine learning Preprint May 2026

Hidden States as Value Gradients: The Pontryagin Structure of Recurrent Policies

This work shows that the hidden state of a recurrent policy admits a control-theoretic interpretation: it plays the role of the co-state in Pontryagin's minimum principle, and the readout that maps it to actions implements control-Hamiltonian minimization.

D. Leeftink, Max Hinne, M. V. van Gerven · 0 citations