β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate improves fast-twitch muscle function, histopathology and mitochondrial respiration in the D2.mdx dystrophic mouse.
This study is the first to demonstrate that HMB enhances in vivo and ex vivo muscle function, downstream mTORC1 signalling, and mitochondrial performance in the severe D2.mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, supporting its potential as a therapeutic strategy for DMD.