Proof of the Lyons--White Conjecture
Let $D_n$ be the dihedral group of order $2n$. Consider a continuous-time random walk on $D_n$ driven by arbitrary symmetric rates whose support generates $D_n$. For $p\in[1,\infty]$, we say the pair $(D_n,p)$ is rate-monotonic if for each fixed time $t$, the $\ell^p$-distance between the random walk's distribution at time $t$ and the uniform distribution is monotonically decreasing as a function of the rates. Lyons and White proved that $(D_n,2)$ and $(D_n,\infty)$ are rate-monotonic. Somewhat counterintuitively, they found several pairs $(D_n,p)$ with ${p\in[1,1.997]\cup[2.001,3.999]\cup[4.001,5.995]}$ that are not rate-monotonic, and they asked whether any such pairs exist with $p=4$ or $p=6$. We resolve their question, proving that $(D_n,2m)$ is rate-monotonic for all positive integers $m$ and $n$. In fact, we prove a generalization of this result to a broader family of groups that includes generalized dihedral groups, dicyclic groups, and generalized quaternion groups. In the other direction, we prove that for every real $p\geq 1$ that is not an even integer, there exists a positive integer $n$ such that $(D_n,p)$ is not rate-monotonic. The results of this paper were formally verified in Lean by AxiomProver assuming standard literature.