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Chengzu Li

University of Cambridge

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#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Confidence Comes from Experience: Experiential Confidence Estimation from Reasoning to Agents

This work proposes XConf (eXperiential Confidence): estimating confidence together with the model's accumulated experience, and sees experiential confidence estimation as a new paradigm for future general-purpose confidence estimation.

Caiqi Zhang, Xiao-Chen Zhu, Chengzu Li et al. · 0 citations

When Calibration Rankings Reverse: Accuracy-Controlled Evaluation for Fair Comparison of LLMs

It is shown that raw global calibration metrics are not robust for cross-model comparison, and that fair calibration comparison requires accuracy-aware evaluation, and proposed ACE, an accuracy-controlled evaluation framework, is proposed.

Zhichao Yang, Caiqi Zhang, Ruihan Yang et al. · 1 citation

Beyond the Final Layer: Intermediate Representations for Better Multilingual Calibration in Large Language Models

This work conducts the first large-scale, systematic studies of multilingual calibration across six model families and over 100 languages, revealing that non-English languages suffer from systematically worse calibration.

Ej Zhou, Caiqi Zhang, Tiancheng Hu et al. · 10 citations · ⚡1
Jul 2026

Seeing or Knowing? Visual Context Sensitivity in Multimodal Large Language Models

For the coarse attributes the authors study, MLLMs encode the visual evidence but cannot reliably control their reliance on it, indicating that for the coarse attributes they study, MLLMs cannot reliably control their reliance on it.

Jiaang Li, Chengzu Li, Zhaochong An et al. · 0 citations

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