A Hybrid VMD–GWO–BiLSTM–Attention Framework for Accurate State-of-Health Prediction of Lithium-Ion Batteries Under Complex Degradation Dynamics
Accurate State-of-Health (SOH) prediction for lithium-ion batteries is essential for the safe and stable operation of Battery Management Systems (BMSs). However, achieving high-precision estimation remains challenging due to the complex interplay of non-stationary degradation characteristics, observation noise, and bid...